Lecture 9: The formation of the solar system

Further reading

• There's a beautiful illustrated timeline of the Solar System at The Lunar and Planetary Institute's "Evolution of Our Solar System: A Journey through Time" at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/
• The Planetary Science Institute has a nice page about the origin of the Moon at http://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html
• The "Grand Tack" theory is described at https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=2429
• There's a nice article about the possible connection between the formation of Uranus and Neptune and the bombardment of the Moon at PSRD Discoveries: "Uranus, Neptune and the Mountains of the Moon", http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug01/bombardment.html, and another one called "Gas Giants and Lunar Bombardment" at http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug06/cataclysmDynamics.html

Source for images

• Co-planar orbits: generated by "Solar System Live" by John Walker, http://fourmilab.to/solar/solar.html
• Circular orbits: from "The Cosmic Perspective" by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider and Voit, (Benjamin Cummings, 2000), http://dosxx.colorado.edu/Pluto/orbits.jpg
• Isochrone: from "The Talk.Origins Archive: The Age of the Earth" by Chris Stassen http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
• Terrestrial planets: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet and Jovian planets: from Astronomy Notes by Nick Strobel: Determining Planet Properties http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm
• Asteroids: from "The Nine Planets: A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System" by Bill Arnett http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/asteroids.html
• Kuiper Belt: image by Don Dixon, from Renu Malhotra's Outreach images http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/faculty/malhotra_preprints/Outreach.html
• Jupiter's moons: from NASA Spacelink: Images of Jupiter http://spacelink.nasa.gov/NASA.Projects/Space.Science/Solar.System/Voyager/Images.of.Jupiter/.index.html
• Planetary interiors: from "Planets, Stars and Galaxies" by Todd Adams, http://www.hep.fsu.edu/~tadams/courses/fall02/ast1002/lectures/Lecture01602.pdf
• The far side of the Moon: from Astronomy: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier by John D. Fix, http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/chapter9/09f19.html
• Mercury: from The Nine Planets: A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System by Bill Arnetts: Mercury http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html
• Ganymede: from Views of the Solar System by Calvin J. Hamilton http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/PIA01666.htm
• NGC6960: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2013 May 29 https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130529.html
• Astronomer's periodic table: Ben McCall http://bjm.scs.uiuc.edu/pubs/BJMpres25.pdf
• Molecular cloud: Barnard 68, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2017 October 8 https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap171008.html
• NGC 281: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2003 April 7 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030407.html
• Dark globules in IC2944: from APOD 2012 June 12 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120612.html
• Simulation of molecular cloud collapse: from Matthew Bate's Animations, http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/animations.html
• Rotation and collapse: from STARS AND GALAXIES A Hypertext Course by Richard McCray http://cosmos.colorado.edu/cw2/courses/astr1120/text/chapter9/l9S3.htm
• Eagle Nebula: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2001 August 12 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap010812.html
• Larger view: CFHT picture, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2003 February 13 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030213.html
• Proplyd: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 1996 October 17, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961017.html
• Protostellar disk: from "MIRLIN Star/Planet Formation Page" http://cougar.jpl.nasa.gov/HR4796/anim.html
• Frost line: from "Stellar Outburst Brings Water Snow Line Into View" http://www.eso.org/public/australia/news/eso1626/
• Young disk: image by Johan Olofsson, from https://johan-olofsson.com/
• Transitional disk: from https://jila.colorado.edu/news-highlights/molding-star-system-over-50-million-years-0
• Fractal aggregates: from Random Walk Visualization by Robert Lipman http://cic.nist.gov/lipman/sciviz/random.html
• Cosmic dust particle: from "A new type of stardust", http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug03/stardust.html
• Chondrite: from Meteorites et formation du systeme solaire http://www.ens-lyon.fr/Planet-Terre/Infosciences/Planetologie/Meteorites/origine.htm
• Planetesimals: from http://sci.esa.int/collaborative-missions/46762-planetesimals-forming-around-a-star/
• Runaway growth: from "Planetary science: Building a planet in record time", https://www.nature.com/articles/473460a
• Frost line: from Windows to the Universe http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/jupiter/atmosphere/J_evolution_3.html
• Disk around proto-Jupiter: http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/
• Runaway growth: from http://www.usm.uni-muenchen.de/people/gehren/vorlesung/4.1_Himmelsmechanik/kosmogonie/dia_10.html
• Newly formed Neptune: by Don Dixon, from Scientific American, September 1999 issue http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00050729-BAAC-1C73-9B81809EC588EF21
• Ceres: from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/new-ceres-views-as-dawn-moves-higher. Mathilde: from https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980313.html. Callisto: from https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03456. Argyre basin on Mars: from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/early-mars-couldnt-hold-liquid-water-long
• Comet Shoemaker-Levy: Hubble images, from HubbleSite News Archive, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/26/ and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/32/
• Planet formation: http://gallery.spitzer.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=ssc2008-19a
• Moon formation: from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis
• Moon origin paintings: image by Fahad Sulehria http://www.novacelestia.com/images/earth_impact_moon_space_art.html
• Moon formation animation: from "SwRI, UCSC researchers identify the Moon-forming impact", http://www.swri.edu/press/impact.htm
• Charon formation impact: from NASA Exoplanet Exploration https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/resources/26/
• Mercury impact: from https://astronomynow.com/2016/11/01/did-early-earth-spin-on-its-side/
• Proto-Mercury impact: from "Pieces of Mercury Found in Virtual Collision", http://www.space.com/060404_mercury_formation.html
• Mars dichotomy simulation: from New Scientist http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn11387-did-a-giant-impact-create-the-two-faces-of-mars.html
• Tidal bulge: from http://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr121/Notes/Chapter7.html
• Lunar cataclysm: from The Lunar Cataclysm Hypothesis, http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SIC/impact_cratering/lunar_cataclysm/Lunar_Cataclysm_Page
• Terrestrial planet formation: from Raymond et al. 2009, "Building the terrestrial planets: Constrained accretion in the inner Solar System", Icarus 203 644 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..203..644R
• Lunar cratering rates: from Shoemaker & Shoemaker, Ch. 5 of "The New Solar System" by Beatty et al. (Sky Publishing, 1999), Fig. 12
• Late heavy bombardment: from "Impact Processes on the Early Earth" by Christian Koeberl1 Elements, vol 2 p. 211-216 (2006)
• Terrestrial atmospheres: from LPI Evolution of our Solar System https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/
• Planet formation: image by Dana Berry, from http://blog.planethunters.org/tag/planetary-migration/
• Scattering of Uranus and Neptune: from "The Early Dynamical Evolution of the Outer Solar System: A Fairy Tale" by Hal Levinson, http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/talks.html
• Earth impact: image by Don Davis http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gallery_main.cfm
• Scattered disk: from Stewart 1997, "The Solar System: The frontier beyond Neptune", Nature 387 658.
• Grand Tack: from http://backalleyastronomy.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/solar-system-archaeology-part-ii.html
• Extrasolar image: artist's impression of the Tau Gruis system, by David A. Hardy http://www.hardyart.demon.co.uk/html/p-extra1.html
• Artist's impression of the TRAPPIST-1 system: from https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1448/trappist-1-is-older-than-our-solar-system/

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Last updated 1 December 2017