Lecture 2: Our neighbour the Moon, and Spaceflight

Further reading

• There's also sorts of useful data and statistics at "Chuck Wood's Moon: Compendium of Lunar Science and History" at http://www.lpod.org/cwm/DataStuff/Data.htm
• The "two moons" theory is described at "Earth may once have had two moons", 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14391929
• You can browse all the images taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and see features as small as 73 cm on the lunar surface (!) at http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/
• NASA has a website called "Basics of Space Flight", http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/ which began life as a training document for NASA engineers, but which they quickly realised had much wider appeal. An excellent site to start exploring from.
• To understand the rocket equation, check out "The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation" 
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition30/tryanny.html, and xkcd's "Everybody Out" https://what-if.xkcd.com/7/ and "Voyager" https://what-if.xkcd.com/38/
• "The Slingshot Effect" by Bob Johnson has a very thorough discussion of gravity assist techniques: http://www.dur.ac.uk/bob.johnson/SL/
• NASA has a movie explaining the aerobraking technique which was used to get Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter into orbit: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/video/movies/aerobraking.mov

Source for images

• Lecture title: Apollo 11 service module "Columbia" viewed from the Eagle, from https://pics-about-space.com/apollo-11-moon-landing?p=2#img6715942733813473089
• Title image: from ESO, The waning moon http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9903c/
• Lunar libration: Antonio Cidadao's Lunar and Planetary Observation and CCD imaging http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/animations.htm
• Moon's orbit: redrawn from "The Once and Future Moon" by Paul Spudis, figs 1.5 and 1.6
• Moon at perigee and apogee: image by Catalin Paduraru, from APOD 2016 November 13 https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap161113.html
• Supermoon over Madrid: photo by Gonzalo Arroyo Moreno/Getty Images, 
http://www.theguardian.com/science/gallery/2014/aug/10/supermoon-skies-perigee-around-the-world-in-pictures
• Full moon: image by Simon Smith, https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120901.html
• Microcrater: from A MEETING WITH THE UNIVERSE: Science Discoveries from the Space Program http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/cover.html, Appendix A-1
• King crater: from APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-362/cover.htm, fig. 149
• Gagarin crater field: from APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT, fig. 97
• Young craters: young impact crater Linne, from Apollo 15. From APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT, fig. 102
• Euler crater: taken by Apollo 17. From APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT, fig. 138
• Tycho: from the Consolidated Lunar Atlas. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/cla/menu.html
• Tycho's central peak: from LRO, on APOD 2011 July 6 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110706.html
• Orientale: taken Lunar Orbiter 5, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarorb.html
• LRO image of Orientale: from http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/189
• Galileo image of Orientale: from the Galileo Legacy Site, http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/earthmoon-moon.cfm
• Basins: from a talk by Hal Levison, "Review of Dynamic Models Associated with Late Heavy Bombardment", http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/talks/nice/Bomb/basins.html
• Lunar topography: from Araki et al, 2009, "Lunar global shape and polar topography derived from Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry", Science 323 897
• South Pole-Aitken: Clementine image, from NASA's Solar System Exploration Gallery, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=802
• Old and young craters: from "Craters and Planetary History" by Steven Dutch, http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/planets/crathist.htm
• Crater size distribution: from "Introduction to Cratering Studies" by Greg Herres and William Hartmann, http://www.psi.edu/projects/mgs/cratering.html
• Chesley Bonestell painting of the lunar surface: from https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/chesley-bonestell-and-the-landscape-of-the-moon-120863737/. Lunar mountains by James Nasymth: from "Cosmos as Masterpiece" https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/14/science/space/in-cosmigraphics-our-changing-pictures-of-space-through-time.html
• Lunar surface panorama: from https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/HamishALSEP.html
• Late heavy bombardment: from "Impact Processes on the Early Earth" by Christian Koeberl1 Elements, vol 2 p. 211-216 (2006)
• September 2013 impact: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=perqv4qByaI
• Estimate of cratering rates: see https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/13/face-of-the-moon-to-change-completely-in-81000-years-time
• Maria: from http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/ccline/courses/biol102/moon.html
• Moon rotation: from LRO http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130916.html
• Moon interior: from Views of the Solar System by Calvin J. Hamilton http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm
• Hadley Rille: http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/AS15/a15landsite.htm and NSSDC Image Catalog: Apollo 15 
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/mission_page/EM_Apollo_15_page1.html
• Lichtenberg crater: Photo Number IV-170-H1, Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/lunar_orbiter/index.html
• Second moon collision: from http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/aug/03/second-moon-collision
• LRO topography: from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7358/fig_tab/476036a_F1.html
• Evolution of the moon: from APOD 2012 Mar 20 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120320.html
• Spaceflight image: Ariane 6 rocket, from Spaceflight Now https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/06/24/ariane-6-rockets-to-be-assembled-horizontally/
• Rockets needed for Voyager round trip: from https://what-if.xkcd.com/38/
• Throwing balls into orbit: redrawn from "To Rise from Earth" by Wayne Lee, Fig. 1
• Image of Earth: from Visible Earth: The Blue Marble, http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/2429/globe_east_540.jpg
• All the orbit figures are redrawn from "To Rise from Earth" by Wayne Lee, animated by HMJ
• Mars image: HST pictures of Mars at opposition, taken on February 25, 1995. Image STScI-PRC1995-17a, from the Hubble Space Telescope News Center archive, 
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/
• Aerobraking: from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter press release 25 August 2006, http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20060825a.html and Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER http://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview/aerobraking.html
• Aerobraking animation: extracted from NASA's Mars Exploration Program: Videos http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/video/movies/aerobraking.mov
• Jupiter image: from StarDate Online http://stardate.org/resources/ssguide/jupiter.html
• Slingshot diagram: redrawn from "The Slingshot Effect" by Bob Johnson http://www.dur.ac.uk/bob.johnson/SL/
• Galileo's VEEGA trajectory: from http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/education/bulletin/launch_to_g29.html
• Mercury trajectory: from http://www.mercurytoday.com/messenger/missiondesign.htm
• Ion drive: from https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/development-of-high-power-solar-electric-propulsion

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Last updated 16 October 2017