Lecture 3: The origins of stars and planets

Further reading

• The website for the Gaia mission is at http://www.esa.int/science/gaia. See also http://www.astro.utu.fi/~cflynn/galdyn/lecture10.html for a description of what else the Gaia mission will be able to accomplish. The HERMES project is described at http://www.aao.gov.au/HERMES/
• There's a beautiful illustrated timeline of the Solar System at The Lunar and Planetary Institute's "Evolution of Our Solar System: A Journey through Time" at http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/
• The Planetary Science Institute has a nice page about the origin of the Moon at http://www.psi.edu/projects/moon/moon.html

Sources for images used:

• Title image: artist's impression of planets around HD 10180, from ESO Science Release 1035 http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1035/
• Young star cluster NGC 7129: image by Ken Crawford, from APOD 2010 September 4http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100904.html
• Milky Way: from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:236084main_MilkyWay-full-annotated.jpg. The calculation about the number of orbits the Sun has made comes from Simon Portegies Zwart, "The Lost Siblings of the Sun", ApJLett 696 L13 (2009), http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...696L..13P
• Meteorite section: from "Triggering the Formation of the Solar System" by G. Jeffrey Taylor, Planetary Science Research Discoveries, May 2003, http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/May03/SolarSystemTrigger.html
• Eagle nebula: image by T. A. Rector & B. A. Wolpa, NOAO/AURA, from APOD 2009 February 8http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090208.html
• Pillars of Creation: from APOD 2010 March 28 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100328.html
• Carina nebula: HubbleSite news release STScI-2007-16, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/16/
• Proplyds in Orion: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/13/
• Sedna: from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna
• Simulation of molecular cloud collapse: from Matthew Bate's Animations, http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/animations.html
• NGC 3603: from http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2007034b/
• Young solar system: from http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1966-ssc2008-19a-Epsilon-Eridani-Double-the-Rubble
• GAIA: from http://www.esa.int/export/esaSC/120377_index_0_m.html; Hermes from http://www.aao.gov.au/HERMES/
• Protoplanetary disk: image by David Darling, from http://www.ast.obs-mip.fr/users/donati/press/fuori_eng.html
• Gas giant forming in disk: from http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA05988
• Ice line: from Windows to the Universe http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/jupiter/atmosphere/J_evolution_3.html
• Fractal aggregates: from Random Walk Visualization by Robert Lipman http://cic.nist.gov/lipman/sciviz/random.html
• Cosmic dust particle: from "A new type of stardust", http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug03/stardust.html
• Co-planar orbits: generated by http://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/Solar for 2011-03-23, heliocentric latitude 0°, longitude 25°. Circular orbits: from "The Cosmic Perspective" by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider and Voit, (Benjamin Cummings, 2000), http://dosxx.colorado.edu/Pluto/orbits.jpg
• Terrestrial planets: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet; Jovian planets: from Astronomy Notes by Nick Strobel: Determining Planet Properties http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm
• Disk settling: from Williams & Cieza, "Protoplanetary disks and their evolution", Fig. 6, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1103.0556W
• Belt of dust: from http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/2405-sig05-027-Belt-of-Dust
• Cassini Jupiter portrait: from http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia04866
• Newly formed Neptune: by Don Dixon, from Scientific American, September 1999 issue http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00050729-BAAC-1C73-9B81809EC588EF21
• Planet in T Cha's dust belt: from http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1106/
• Debris disk: from Williams & Cieza, "Protoplanetary disks and their evolution", Fig. 6, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1103.0556W
• Mercury: from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?page=2&gallery_id=2&image_id=214
• Callisto: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03456
• Mimas: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06258
• Moon: from Galileo http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00405
• Terrestrial planet formation: from Raymond et al. 2009, "Building the terrestrial planets: Constrained accretion in the inner Solar System", Icarus 203 644 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..203..644R
• Hadean Earth and Earth Impact: by Fahad Suleria http://novacelestia.com/images/hadean_earth_space_art.html and http://novacelestia.com/images/earth_impact_moon_space_art2.html
• Comet Shoemaker-Levy: Hubble images, from HubbleSite News Archive, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/26/ and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/32/
• Extrasolar planet spacing: Fig. 13 from Lovis et al. 2011, "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXVIII. Up to seven planets orbiting HD 10180: probing the architecture of low-mass planetary systems", A&A 528, A112 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...528A.112L
• Kuiper belt: from http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/news/spitzer-20081027.html
• Trans-Neptunian objects: from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_objects
• Lunar cataclysm: from The Lunar Cataclysm Hypothesis, http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SIC/impact_cratering/lunar_cataclysm/Lunar_Cataclysm_Page
• Earth impact: image by Don Davis http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gallery_main.cfm

Last updated 24 March 2011