Lecture 2: The origins of the galaxies and stars

Further reading

• John Dubinski has an article on "The great Milky-Way - Andromeda collision" in Sky and Telescope, October 2006, available at http://www.galaxydynamics.org/papers/GreatMilkyWayAndromedaCollision.pdf
• NASA's "Observatorium" has a nice article called "Stellar Evolution and Death" at http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html
• The Australia Telescope has several very nice pages on their Outreach site. "Post-Main Sequence Stars", http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html is a good summary of the material of the later evolution of stars.

Sources for images used:

• Our place in the universe: from Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_Location_in_the_Universe_%28JPEG%29.jpg
• NGC 1232: VLT picture, from http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9845d/
• NGC 891: from NOAO, APOD 1998 March 18 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980318.html
• M81: Hubble picture, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/2007/19/
• Ages of stars: from http://www.universetoday.com/83315/thick-stellar-disk-isolated-in-andromeda/
• Astronomer's periodic table: Ben McCall http://bjm.scs.uiuc.edu/pubs/BJMpres25.pdf
• Formation of the Milky Way: from "The formation and evolution of the Milky Way" by Cristina Chiappini, American Scientist, Nov/Dec 200, pp. 506-515. Downloaded from http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay20/Chiappini-MilkyWay.pdf
• Milky Way-Andromeda collision: from Cox & Loeb, "The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda", MNRAS 386 461, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..461C. Movie from https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Photos/localgroup.html
• Interacting spiral galaxies: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/45/
• The Mice: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090426.html
• Centaurus A: from APOD 2006 July 4 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060704.html
• Dark nebula Barnard 68: from APOD 2003 February 2, http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030202.html
• Coalsack nebula: image by Yuri Beletsky, from APOD 2007 May 17 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070517.html
• Orion in gas, dust and stars: image by Rogelio Bernal Andreo (Deep Sky Colors), from APOD 2009 Sep 29 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090929.html
• Hubble view, from HubbleSite Press Release, 24 April 2001, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/12/. Disk around young star: http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1852-ssc2007-14d-Planet-Forming-Disk-Around-a-Baby-Star
• Disks in the Orion Nebula: from Herschel Space Observatory: Stars, http://hubble.hq.eso.org/images/opo9545b/
• Star-forming region NGC 602: from APOD 2008 October 25 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap081025.html
• Nuclear fusion process: from Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology: The Proton-Proton Chain http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/ppchain.html
• Interior of a star: from http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2007/phot-29-07.html
• Helix nebula: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2004032d/
• Structure of the core just prior to the supernova explosion: from "Geochemistry" by William White, http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/geo455/Chapters.HTML
• The life cycle of SN 1987A: from http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/papers/rob/Stellar_Evolution.jpg
• SN 1987A before and after: images by David Malin, http://www.aao.gov.au/images/captions/aat050.html
• Supernova animation: from Chandra, Animation of a supernova explosion http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/animations/snr.html?page=2
• Supernova illustration: from Chandra, Stellar evolution illustrations http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/illustrations/stellar_evolution.html
• Vela remnant: by Robert Gendler, from APOD 2008 March 6 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080306.html

Last updated 23 March 2011