Lecture 6: Stellar evolution

Further reading

• The Australia Telescope has several very nice pages on their Outreach site. "Post-Main Sequence Stars", http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html is a good summary of the material we discussed in this lecture. The "HR Diagram Activities" page http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_hractivity.html has links to several sites which allow you to explore stellar evolution in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
• Bruce Balick has a lovely page about planetary nebulae and their formation, at http://www.astro.washington.edu/balick/WFPC2/index.html

Sources for images used:

• Faint young sun paradox: from http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/122/lecture-1/lecture-1.html
• Mass-luminosity relation: from Auckland Astronomical Society http://www.astronomy.org.nz/aas/MonthlyMeetings/MeetingMay2002.asp
• Structure of a red giant: from ASP1022: Lecture Materials http://www.maths.monash.edu.au/asp1022/images/Snow15.16.gif
• Triple-alpha process: from Australia Telescope Outreach and Education: Post-main sequence stars http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html
• Burning in shells: from Astronomy 122: Birth and Death of Stars: Stellar Evolution from Middle Age to Death, by Jim Brau, http://blueox.oregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr122/Notes/Chapter20.html
• The life-cycle of a solar-mass star: from Stellar Structure and Evolution: the evolution of low-mass stars by Vik Dhillon, http://www.shef.ac.uk/physics/people/vdhillon/teaching/phy213/phy213_lowmass.html
• Size of red giants: from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Redgiants.jpg
• Planetary nebula NGC 2440: Hubble image, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2004 January 11, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040111.html
• Helix nebula: blend of HST and ground-based images, from NOAO Image Gallery, http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0840.html
• Animation of the formation of the Helix Nebula: from Hubble Site News Center, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/13/
• Cat's Eye nebula: combined HST/Chandra image, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2016 July 24, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap160724.html
• Butterfly nebula: HST image, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2004 February 1, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040201.html
• Interacting wind models from planetary nebulae: from Vincent Icke's Planetary Nebulae page, http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~icke/html/VincentPN.html
• Planetary nebula NGC 2440: from APOD 2005 January 23 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050123.html
• Dumbbell nebula: from APOD 2016 November 2 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap161102.html
• NGC 246: from APOD 2006 April 18 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060418.html
• Structure of a massive star: from Astronomy 1301-02 by Tony Hall: Deaths of Massive Stars http://lepus.physics.uair.edu/~tahall/EXAM3/Week3.htm
• Binding energy curve: from "General Chemistry" by Hill and Petrucci, Fig. 19.6 http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/19.html
• Cosmic abundance of the elements: from Astro 105: The Milky Way, Lecture XII http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/A105/LectureXII/LectureXII.html
• Pistol nebula: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1997/33/
• Bubble nebula: by Russell Croman, from APOD 2005 November 7 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap051107.html
• Radio images of LBVs: from http://www.astro.umd.edu/~white/text/lbv_images.html
• Eta Carinae: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/23
• WR124: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/38/
• Sun becoming a red giant: from Science@NASA, Sizzling comets circle a dying star http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast11jul_1.htm
• Artist's impression of planet around a red giant: image by Dirk Terrell http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~terrell/dtart_old.htm
• Calculations of the fate of the Earth: "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited" by K.-P. Schroder & R. Connon Smith, MNRAS 386 155 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S
• Jewel Box cluster: photo by Dieter Willasch, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2010 August 17, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100817.html
• Globular cluster M80, Hubble image, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 1999 July 7, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990707.html
• Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams of clusters as they age: from "Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy" by Thomas Arny, Fig. 13.24 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch13/1324.html
• HR diagram for M13: from Astronomy 122: Birth and Death of Stars by Jim Schombert, http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec15.html
• Multiple populations in omega Cen: from "The quite complex "Simple Stellar Populations" of globular clusters" by Angela Bragaglia, http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.5280
• Supernova image: SN 1994D from Hubble, http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9919i/

Last updated 8 December 2016