Lecture 4: The evolution of stars

Further reading

• Sky and Telescope has a nice article called "The Spectral Types of Stars": http://skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/article_560_1.asp
• James Kaler has a web-site "Portraits of Stars and their Constellations: Dedicated to showing that all stars are not the same" at http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/sow.html

Source for images

• Stellar spectra image: from http://www.museumofflight.org/iya-anniejumpcannon
• Harvard College Observatory women: from Geoffrey Marcy, "The History of Women in Astronomy" http://astron.berkeley.edu/~gmarcy/women/history.html
• Spectral classes: adapted from "Spectral Classes" by Michael Lemke and C. S. Jefferey http://www.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/www/tot/spek/SPEK_E.HTML
• Annie Jump Cannon: from Women in Astronomy http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/lec-women.html
• Spectral types near the Sun: data from the Hipparcos catalogue http://astro.estec.esa.nl/SA-general/Projects/Hipparcos/
• Comparison of Aldebaran with the Sun: from Astronomy 122: Birth and Death of Stars by Jim Schombert http://zebu.oregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec06.html
• Antares from a planet: painting by Bill Hartmann http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/
• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram: from Universe Today http://www.universetoday.com/39974/hertzsprung-russell-diagram/
• Proton-proton chain: from Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology: The Proton-Proton Chain http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/energy/ppchain.html
• Planetary nebula images: from Hubble Heritage, http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery/gallery.html
• NGC 7027: composite of HST optical and infrared images; Astronomy Picture of the Day 1996 January 17 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960117.html
• Structure of a massive star: from Astronomy 1301-02 by Tony Hall: Deaths of Massive Stars http://lepus.physics.uair.edu/~tahall/EXAM3/Week3.htm
• Supernova 1994D in galaxy NGC 4526; from Hubble press release STScI-1999-19, "Hubble Completes Eight-Year Effort to Measure Expanding Universe", 
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/19/
• Crab nebula: VLT image, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2002 July 14 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020714.html
• Interior of a neutron star: from Science @NASA: Crusty star makes its presence felt http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast29sep98_1.htm
• SN 1987A before and after: images by David Malin, http://www.aao.gov.au/images/captions/aat050.html
• The life cycle of SN 1987A: from http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/papers/rob/Stellar_Evolution.jpg
• NGC 3603: from Hubble News Center, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1999/20/
• Stellar fates: from Chandra Resources: Stellar evolution http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/illustrations/stellar_evolution.html

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Last updated 30 October 2018